On April 11, 2019, the Centre for the Critical Study of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements (CenSAMM) hosted a talk by Professor Paula Fredriksen (Boston University/Hebrew University of Jerusalem) at St Mary’s University, Twickenham. A response and exegesis of Mark 13 was given by Professor James Crossley (CenSAMM/St Mary’s University, Twickenham).
“Prof. Paula Fredriksen (Boston University/Hebrew University of Jerusalem) will be discussing her new book When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation at St Mary’s University, Twickenham at 15.00 on Thursday 11th April 2019. Prof Fredriksen is Aurelio Professor of Scripture emerita at Boston University and Distinguished Visiting Professor of Comparative Religion at the Hebrew University. Censamm academic director, Prof James Crossley (St Mary’s University), will give a response.”
The Bible and Political Thought Conference was held at Aula Magna of the Pontifical Biblical Institute (Rome), on September 27-28, 2018.
Early Jewish communities considered themselves governed by divine law revealed in the Torah of
Moses. This political function of the Mosaic law is grounded in the Pentateuch itself, which narrates
the origins of Israel and the people’s constitution in their covenant with God at Mount Sinai. Early
Christians considered themselves living in the ‘kingdom of God’, which brought them in conflict
with Roman emperors’ claims to divine veneration. When Roman emperors were themselves
Christians, however, they were soon portrayed as new Davids and Solomons, a tradition continued
by medieval kings. Biblical narratives were frequently invoked when nationalisms arose in the 16th17th centuries, e.g., in the Netherlands, Scotland or England, claiming the respective ‘nation’ to be
a divinely chosen people like Israel – a historical development that could be called, with Philip
Gorski, ‘the Mosaic Moment’. The early modern political reception of the Bible is a climax in a
complex genealogy of biblical political thought and its reception over more than two millennia. This
conference will explore the political dimension of the Bible in exemplary themes from its emergence
in the world of the ancient Near East to the present day.
Thursday, September 27
08:30-09:15 Eckart Otto (LMU Munich): Athens and Jerusalem. A Comparison of the Political
Theory of Plato’s NOMOI and the Hebrew Torah
The legal corpora of the Torah in the Covenant Code in Exodus 20-23 and the Book of Deuteronomy
and Plato’s political philosophy of the Politeia, Politicos and Nomoi aimed at answering the question
of how to keep societies together in Israel and Greece. These societies were in danger of falling to
pieces, especially because of unsolved social tensions. Both groups of texts developed strategies of
how to organize the economy, minimizing the tensions between poor and rich and limiting the
political power of officials.
09:15-10:00 Wolfgang Oswald (University of Tübingen): The Literary Compositions of the Hebrew
Bible as Documents of Ancient Political Thought. An Overview and a Tentative Synthesis
Most books of the Hebrew Bible have Israel as their main subject. How did Israel come into being?
How was Israel organized? Who was part of Israel? Who was in power? Some literary works in the
Hebrew Bible accept monarchy as the traditional form of government and merely discuss the
legitimacy of dynasties. Others restrict the power of the king while some even deny the legitimacy
of monarchy at all. And still others imagine an ideal king to come. Some literary works in the
Hebrew Bible do not show awareness or acceptance of written laws. Others, on the contrary, are
constitutions defining a society based on written laws. Still others accept written laws but qualify
their validity. What was the role of the people? Were they merely subjects of the king or did they
make up the popular assembly, i.e. the legislative body? Who was the sovereign? The great king
from abroad as for example Cyrus or the indigenous king from Judah as David and the Davidides?
The governor as Gedaliah or Nehemiah or some prophet-like figure as Jeremiah? The high-priest?
Or no human being at all but the law as the book of Deuteronomy demands? Or God himself without
any mediation as Psalm 146 declares? In this paper I shall trace these lines of political thought in
the Hebrew Bible. Since these voices interact it seems possible to reconstruct a discourse that
continued for more than three centuries.
10:00-10:45 Peter Dubovský (Pontifical Biblical Institute): The Use and the Abuse of the King
Solomon Figure in Traditions
King Solomon became the key figure for discussion and art both in the ecclesiastical and secular
world. The figure was used for exhortative goals and abused for ideological purposes. This paper
will apply the hermeneutical approach proposed by John W. O’Malley who organized the Western
tradition into “Four Cultures”. Following this model, I will organize the interpretations of Solomon
into four groups: academic, prophetic, humanistic, and artistic cultures. By doing so, I will argue
how the same figure was used in dialogue and war.
11:15-12:00 Oda Wischmeyer (University of Erlangen): Romans 13. Paul and Politics
Romans 13 has been the focus of theological thought on politics since the church fathers. During
the last decades a new debate on how to read Romans 13 has been launched. At present, New
Testament scholars heavily disagree about both the meaning of Rom 13:1-7 and the possible
hermeneutical applications of the Pauline text. Whilst Stefan Krauter in his exegetical study on
Romans 13 (2009) bluntly denies the relevance of Romans 13 for theologically based political
ethics, eminent scholars from the last generation such as Helmut Koester and Dieter Georgi and in
their wake contemporary colleagues as Neil Elliot and Richard A. Horsley read especially the Letter
to the Romans as a political text. In “Liberating Paul” Neil Elliott interprets Romans as a manifesto
of a sort of liberation theology.
In my paper I shall try for a fresh exegetical look at the text and for a hermeneutical reflection that
takes into consideration the many-faceted Wirkungsgeschichte of the famous chapter. The possibilities
for contemporary applicative readings of Romans 13 range from affirmative interpretations to
revolutionary approaches. Application largely depends on the political systems at issue – Western
democracies or totalitarian systems like China or illegitimate states or governments like various states
in the global South. Western exegesis has to reflect that perhaps Paul’s ideas of Roman governance
have a different meaning according to the opposing political reality of many of our present regimes.
At any rate, current politically oriented critical application of Romans 13 should not be restricted to
our Western experiences and political values and directed to the model of democracy, but also discuss
the status of Christianity in what we call dictatorial or illegitimate regimes and explore ways of reading
and applying Romans 13 under these kinds of conditions.
12:00-12:45 Katell Berthelot (CNRS Aix-en-Provence): Sinai versus Rome. Rabbinic Perspectives on
Roman Law Courts and Roman Justice
Although Rome did not impose its laws upon the conquered peoples it came to dominate, Roman
law and Roman courts were part of Rome’s imperial presence, both from an ideological and a
practical point of view—because the Romans claimed to have the best legal system ever written,
and because some of Rome’s provincial subjects practiced what is commonly called “forum
shopping,” and tried to have their case judged by a Roman court rather than by a local one. After
212 CE the phenomenon became all the more common as nearly all free people had become Roman
citizens.
In this context, I would like to examine the few sources that explicitly reflect the rabbis’ rejection
of Roman or, more broadly, non-Jewish courts and laws during the tannaitic period, and then
proceed with the analysis of the underlying religious or theological rationale for this rejection,
arguing that some rabbis at least associated non-Jewish law courts with idolatry, a statement that
has deep implications for a proper understanding of the rabbis’s political counter-model in the
context of the Roman Empire.
15:30-16:15 Nicholas Morton (Nottingham Trent University): Crusade and Reform. Biblical Exegesis
and the Role of Crusading within Broader Papal Policy
It is very easy to view crusading as a highly distinct activity in medieval society – individual, and
separate from other aspects of Church policy. It has certainly been studied as a discreet entity for
decades. Even so, the biblical imagery employed by the pope and other crusading preachers tells a
different story. In their sermons, letters and bulls, such advocates of crusading drew upon exegetical
themes which immediately connected crusading to a range of other activities such as: resistance to
secular authority, internal peacemaking within Europe, the moral reform of society. Thus, such
biblical material demonstrates the synergies between crusading and other such activities. This paper
will explore several key biblical themes found in crusading sources, focusing especially on passages
from Ezekiel, Maccabees, the gospels, as well as some pan-biblical themes to demonstrate how a
study of such exegetical material can shed considerable light on the way in which crusading was
conceived and understood by the medieval church.
16:15-17:00 Yvonne Sherwood (University of Kent): Biblicisation without Templates, or Accidents of
the Biblical in Sixteenth Century Mesoamerica
This paper explores how alien landscapes and cultures were understood through biblical analogies
in the work of 16th and early 17th century Spanish and mestizo authors such as José d’Acosta, Diego
Durán, Guaman Poma, Bartolomé de las Casas, and Bernardino de Sahagún. In contrast to the more
secure and self-affirming use of the Bible in the Victorian Empire, the Bible was mapped
onto Mesomerica in surprising, bleak, and often self-critical ways.
17:00-17:45 Dominik Markl (Pontifi cal Biblical Institute): The Bible and Politics. How to Analyse a
Complex Relationship?
The Bible contains political thought, for example in elements of constitututional law in the Pentateuch,
in the historiography of Israel’s leaders, and in reflections on imperialism in both narratives and
prophecy. The political reception of the Bible, however, has not been limited to intrinsic political
thought, but has included legal ideas and ethical values expressed in diverse literary modes. This is just
one of the reasons why the political use of the Bible has been complex and diverse. This paper will
outline a theory of the reception of canonical, sacred literature to propose a framework for analysis of
its specific political use, which will be illustrated by historical and contemporary examples.
Friday, September 28
08:30-9:15 Kevin Killeen (University of York): The Eye-Sore of the Bible. Varieties of Political
Radicalism in Seventeenth Century England
This paper will deal with the bible in the political and popular thought of the post-reformation era. It
will attend, firstly, to the ubiquity of the scriptural in early modern English culture, its diffusion in the
vernacular, and a pervasive sermon culture. It will consider the remit of the political-scriptural, in an
era that deployed the Bible to such varied ends, eschatological, soteriological and doctrinal. The paper
will attend to the frequent and perhaps baffling elision of radical (in the sense of regicidal) writing, both
Catholic and Protestant, and it will explore the co-existence of the belief that Catholics distrusted and
maligned the Bible and the concern that they were troublingly adept in their exegesis. Looking at the
Jesuit Robert Persons, it will make the case that his work was troubling for his Protestant adversaries
less because he claimed that the spiritual censure of Rome had a bearing on English kingship, than
because he claimed the Bible did, usurping, if not satirising, the discursive ground that Protestants
considered rightfully theirs, by making of it a language of thorough-going political sedition.
09:15-10:00 Joachim J. Krause (University of Tübingen): The Trouble with Prophets. A Political
Problem from Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty to Thomas Hobbes
A classic of early modern political thought and champion of the political reception of the Bible,
in his magnum opus “Leviathan or, The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth,
Ecclesiastical and Civil,” Thomas Hobbes gives a full account of religion and politics. The book
features a whole range of major biblical issues, most of them from the Old Testament. A child
of unstable times, Hobbes’ main motivation as a political thinker and interpreter of the Bible is
to conceive a theory of politics which will help to prevent unrest and civil war. Key to this
matter, in his view, is to defuse confessional conflict. For this end, he advocates a radical
reduction of the creed to an unum necessarium: “Jesus is the Christ.” Bringing thus the Bible
into political thought, Hobbes provides a prime example for the historian of ideas. It was Carl
Schmitt who, in his “Political Theology,” argued that all important ideas of modern political
reasoning were secularized theological ideas. Engaging Schmitt, Jan Assmann suggests to invert
this train of thought. According to him, the important ideas of theological reasoning are
theologized political ideas. However, Assmann does not simply turn Schmitt’s reconstruction
on its head. Rather he seeks to expand it by its prehistory. In this venture, Hobbes’ work may
be cited as a case in point. This will become obvious when we, as the present paper suggests,
focus on a particularly delicate problem for statecraft throughout the ages: the trouble with
prophets. Given that his main goal is to invest the sovereign with enough power so as to be able
to keep the war of everyone against everyone at bay, Hobbes clearly perceives prophecy as a
source of political instability. Therefore he postulates two essential characteristics of a true
prophet: the true prophet will work miracles which in fact take place and will teach no other
religion than the one already established in the state. As is plain to see, Hobbes draws on
Deuteronomy 13 here, and in fact he repeatedly cites the injunctions given in that chapter.
While at first glance it might appear that in so doing, the early modern political thinker has
secularized a theological idea into a political one, when we look further for the prehistory of
Deuteronomy 13 and the idea itself, namely the Assyrian succession treaty of Esarhaddon, it
will become obvious that, in a way, Hobbes only ties in with the more original meaning of the
argument.
10:00-10:45 John Coffey (University of Leicester): The Bible and the Antislavery Movement
The Bible was both a liability and an asset for the abolitionist movements that emerged in
America, Britain and France during the later eighteenth century. For centuries, Scripture had been
used to defend slavery, and abolitionists were forced to counteract proslavery exegesis. Yet the
Bible could also be deployed against racism, slave trading and even slavery itself. Scripture
was cited to demonstrate the fundamental unity and equality of human persons regardless of race;
God’s judgment against injustice; and the divine imperative to ‘release the oppressed’. Biblical
texts were emblazoned on antislavery banners, inscribed on medallions, and quoted in speeches,
sermons, pamphlets, and verse. This paper will examine the abolitionist use of the Bible from the
mid-eighteenth century to contemporary anti-trafficking movements, arguing that while Scripture
was a powerful resource, abolitionists and proslavery activists were fighting a battle for the Bible
that led some to question biblical authority.
11:15-12:00 Andrew Mein (Durham University): The Mobilization of Biblical Israel in First World
War Biblical Scholarship
The outbreak of war in August 1914 saw a spate of patriotic publication by academics on both sides.
Biblical scholars were no exception to this rule, and the national and martial focus of the Old
Testament gave it fresh relevance to the crisis of a world at war. In this paper I will examine some
of the ways in which British and German scholars made biblical Israel a model for the modern nation
at war, and how their reflection played into the typical themes of wartime propaganda.
12:00-12:45 Fania Oz-Salzberger (University of Haifa): The Hebrew Bible, Politics, and Modern Israel
This paper begins by suggesting a typology of several modes in which the Hebrew bible was
politicised in the history of ideas. Focusing on the Israeli test case, it explores the vast array of
Biblical rhetoric and inspirations in Zionist and Israeli ideologies, history and politics. It proceeds
to analyses some of the complex impacts of Biblical language, poetics, law and moral philosophy
across Israel’s political spectrum.
15:30-16:15 Eric Nelson (Harvard University): “The Lord Alone Shall be King of America”.
Hebraism and the Republican Turn of 1776
It is well known that Thomas Paine’s Common Sense fueled an abrupt “republican turn” in American
political thought during the early months of 1776. Less well understood is that it did so by
reintroducing into Anglophone political discourse a seventeenth-century, Hebraizing tradition of
republican political theory, one grounded in the conviction that it is idolatrous to assign any human
being the title and dignity of a king. This theory was both more and less radical than more familiar
forms of European republicanism: more radical, in that it denied the legitimacy of all monarchies,
however limited; less radical, in that it left open the possibility of an extremely powerful chief
magistrate, so long as he was not called “king.” The history of American constitutionalism and the
history of Christian Hebraism turn out to be deeply intertwined.
16:15-17:00 James P. Byrd (Vanderbilt University): The Bible in the American Revolution and the
American Civil War. A Comparison with Selected Texts
In this presentation, James P. Byrd offers insights from his analysis of scripture in the American
Revolution and the Civil War. He has published a book on the Bible in the American Revolution,
and he is currently writing a book on the Bible and the American Civil War, both with Oxford
University Press. His methodology draws on a database analysis of biblical citations in these wars,
taken from a variety of sources, including sermons, diaries, newspapers, and soldiers’ letters and
journals. Byrd will examine selected texts that most influenced Amercians in these wars, and will
show how they contributed to American ideas of violence, civil religion, and “manifest destiny.”
17:00-18:00 Peter Machinist (Harvard University): Response; Discussion
On Tuesday 30 October 2018, at St Paul’s Cathedral (London), Professor Helen Bond (University of Edinburgh) and Professor Joan Taylor (King’s College, London) discussed the roles of women in early Christianity, beginning with Jesus’s female disciples: “My Soul Glorifies the Lord: Jesus’ female disciples”.
“The traditional story of the birth of Christianity is dominated by men. It is often thought that Jesus only chose men to be his disciples and apostles, but evidence suggests that this is really only half the story. Were female disciples in fact crucial to the Jesus movement? Profoundly scandalous at the time, the idea remains highly controversial 2,000 years later. Two distinguished early church historians will present research that shows as many as half of Jesus’ disciples were women. They say the evidence shows that women were integral to his mission and only if we see men and women working together do we see the whole story, revealing the early church as far more radical than we thought.”
On January 28, 2011, Professor Hindy Najman delivered a lecture on Jewish responses to the destruction of the First and Second Temples, “Overcoming Destruction in Ancient Judaism”, at King’s University College at Western University, Canada.
In this lecture we will explore the struggles of ancient Jewish communities to redefine themselves in the aftermath of the destruction of the first and second temples. What role did prayer and interpretation play in their literary witnesses from this period? Was human-divine interaction still understood as imaginable when the Jewish community was bereft of its temple, land and independence?
From March 19-21, 2018, the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University hosted the “Priests and Priesthood in the Near East: Social, Intellectual and Economic Aspects” conference. The papers from March 19 are available on TAU’s YouTube channel:
Dominique Charpin (Collège de France), Opening Address: Recent Discoveries from Ur / Tell Muqayyar, Priests of Ur in the Old Babylonian Period: A Reappraisal in the Light of the Discoveries at Ur / Tell Muqayyar in 2017
Walther Sallaberger (LMU, Munich), Keynote Session I: Origins of Near Eastern Priesthood, Close to the Ruler and to the Gods: The Cultic Duties of the Cupbearer and the Role of Priestesses and Priests in Early Dynastic Mesopotamia
Piotr Steinkeller (Harvard University), Babylonian Priesthood during the Third Millennium BCE: Between Sacred
and Profane
Louise Quillien (EPHE, Paris), Identity Through Appearance: Babylonian Priestly Clothing
Aren Maeir (Bar Ilan University), “The priests, the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel” (Deut 18:1): Is There Archaeological Evidence of Priests and Priesthood in Iron Age Israel and Judah?
Yonatan Adler (Ariel University), “Is there a Priest in the House?”: Identifying Jewish Priests (Kohanim) in the Archaeology of Roman Judaea/Palaestina
Julietta Steinhauer (University College London), Near Eastern Priests: A Graeco-Roman perspective
Emeritus Professor John W. Rogerson (1935-2018) delivered the Lent Lectures 2014 on “The Kingdom of God” between 12 March and 9 April 2014, at Beauchief Abbey, Sheffield.
Wednesday 12th March
Lecture 1: What is the Kingdom of God?
Wednesday 19th March
Lecture 2: The Kingship of God in the Old Testament
Wednesday 26th March
Lecture 3: The Kingdom of God in the preaching of Jesus
Wednesday 2nd April
Lecture 4: The Kingdom of God in Paul and John
Wednesday 9th April
Lecture 5: The Kingdom of God and Today’s Church
Emeritus Professor John W. Rogerson (1935-2018) delivered the Lent Lectures 2018 on “The Forgiveness of Sin” between 21 February and 21 March 2018, at Beauchief Abbey, Sheffield.
Wednesday 21 February
Lecture 1 What it’s all about: Defining Sin and Forgiveness
Wednesday 28 February
Lecture 2 Sin and forgiveness in the Old Testament
Wednesday 7 March
Lecture 3 Sin and forgiveness in the teaching of Jesus
Wednesday 14 March
Lecture 4 Sin and forgiveness in Paul
Wednesday 21 March
Lecture 5. Sin and forgiveness: adjusting our theology and reinterpreting our liturgy
The Dictionary of Nature Imagery of the Bible is a new online resource which will provide information on the natural, ecological context of nature imagery found in the Hebrew Bible.
In this video, Project Leader, Professor Dalit Rom-Shiloni (Tel Aviv University) discusses the approach and structure of the dictionary.
On April 5, 2018, Professor David M. Carr (Union Theological Seminary) delivered the final lecture in the 2017-18 Killeen Chair of Theology and Philosophy lecture series, at St. Norbert College.
David M. Carr, Ph.D., professor of Old Testament at Union Theological Seminary, invites us to consider the transformative possibilities in the story of God’s creation of male and female humans in the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2-3. Carr’s lecture will offer a new reading of Genesis 2-3 as a subtle account of what it means to be a fully adult human, neither all good nor all bad.
On 17 and 18 April, Professor John Barclay (University of Durham) delivered the two 2018 Firth lectures at the University of Nottingham, entitled “Beyond Charity: Gift-Reciprocity and Community Construction in the New Testament”.
John Barclay also led a postgraduate seminar on 18 April, “Reciprocity and Risk at the Economic Margin: Some Early Christian Examples”.
His most recent major book is a study of Pauline theology from the perspective of his theology of grace, called Paul and the Gift (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2015). If we read Paul’s theology of grace in the light of ancient notions of gift, Barclay argues we can understand in a new way his relationship to Judaism, his theology of the Christ-event and his ethic of reciprocal generosity. Paul and the Gift explores the theological and social significance of the incongruity of grace in the formation of innovative communities, going beyond Sanders and the current antithesis between old and new perspectives on Paul. This book, focusing on divine gift/grace, is the first of a two-part series.
Dr Simon Gathercole (Cambridge University) delivered the third Lagrange Lecture at the École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, on May 2, 2018, entitled “The Death and Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospel of Peter”.
Gathercole examines how the Gospel of Peter takes the traditions in the canonical gospels, and rearranges them, in part in order to blame “the Jews”.
Professor Thomas Römer (Collège de France) delivered the second Lagrange Lecture on April 25, 2018, at the École biblique et archéologique française in Jerusalem, entitled “Biblical Traditions about the Ark of the Covenant”.
The lecture begins at 3:15.
With careful attention to various diachronic puzzles posed by the often-confusing and incomplete biblical reports, Römer proposed the tentative outlines of a revisionist history of this fascinating cult object. From its mysterious origins in Shiloh to its temporary sojourn at Kiriath Yearim—for a much longer period than the biblical account would admit—the Ark belongs within a decentralized picture of Israelite worship in Römer’s view. Along these lines, Römer raised the possibility that the chest may have originally contained twinned cult stones, perhaps of YHWH and Asherah. The Ark’s ultimate, ceremonial transfer into Jerusalem should perhaps be dated to the time of Josiah and the politics of centralization, he suggests, while the account of its migrations through the Philistine cities may reflect earlier political tensions from the time of Hezekiah.
Professor David Penchansky (University of St. Thomas) spoke on “Sacred Spaces in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam” at Hudson United Methodist Church, Wisconsin, on 7 November 2017.
On 16 January 2018, Dr Jayme Reaves (Public theologian, Dorset) and Professor David Tombs (University of Otago) delivered the joint paper “#MeToo Jesus: Why Naming Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse Matters”, a Shiloh Project lecture at the University of Sheffield.
The #MeToo hashtag and campaign created by Tarana Burke in 2007 and popularized by Alyssa Milano in October 2017 has confirmed what feminists have long argued on the prevalence of sexual assault, sexual harassment and sexually abusive behaviour. It has also prompted a more public debate on dynamics of victim blaming and victim shaming which contribute to the silences which typically benefit perpetrators and add a further burden to survivors. As such, the #MeToo movement raises important questions for Christian faith and theology. A church in New York offered a creative response in a sign which adapted Jesus’ words ‘You did this to me’ in Mt 25:40 to read ‘You did this to #MeToo’. This presentation will explore the biblical and theological reasons for naming Jesus as a victim of sexual abuse drawing on earlier work presenting crucifixion as a form of state terror and sexual abuse (Tombs 1999). It will then discuss some of the obstacles to this recognition and suggest why the acknowledgement nonetheless matters. It will argue that recognition of Jesus as victim of sexual abuse can help strengthen church responses to sexual abuses and challenge tendencies within the churches, as well as in wider society, to collude with victim blaming or shaming.
Jörg Frey, Professor of New Testament at the University of Zurich, gives his three-part Shaffer Lectures at Yale Divinity School on January 23, 25, and 30, 2018, on “Theology and History in the Fourth Gospel.”
Dr Simon Gathercole (Cambridge University) delivered the third Lagrange Lecture at the École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, on May 2, 2018, entitled “The Death and Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospel of Peter”.
Professor Thomas Römer (Collège de France) delivered the second Lagrange Lecture on April 25, 2018, at the École biblique et archéologique française in Jerusalem, entitled “Biblical Traditions about the Ark of the Covenant”.
